The purpose of this paper is to provide policy makers, government officials, third party payers and consumers a brief overview of hearing health challenges in the United States and highlight the hearing healthcare field's position on reimbursement for hearing services and devices.
The following organizations endorse the recommendations in this paper and can provide additional information:
Alexander Graham Bell
Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Contact Person: Michele Duchin
Tel: 202-337-5220
Web Site: www.agbell.org
American Academy of Audiology
Contact Person: Jodi Chappell, Director of Health Care Policy
Tel: 703-790-8466
Web Site: www.audiology.org
American Speech Language Hearing Association
Contact Person: Jim Potter, Director of Government Relations and Public Policy
Tel: 301-897-5700
Web Site: www.asha.org
Deafness Research Foundation
Contact Person: Susan Greco, Executive Director
Tel: 202-289-5850
Web Site: www.hearinghealthmagazine.com
Hearing Industries Association
Contact Person: Carole Rogin, Executive Director
Tel: 703-684-5744
Web Site: www.hearing.org
International Hearing Society
Contact Person: Robin Clowers, BC-HIS, Executive Director
Tel: 734-522-7200
Web Site: www.ihsinfo.org
Self Help for the Hard of Hearing People
Contact Person: Brenda Battat, Director of Public Policy and State Development
Tel: 301-657-2248 (Voice) 2249 (TTY)
Web Site: www.hearingloss.org "Among the five senses, people depend on vision and hearing to provide the primary cues for conducting the basic activities of daily life. At the most basic level, vision and hearing permit people to navigate and to stay oriented within their environment. These senses provide the portals for language, whether spoken, signed, or read. They are critical to most work and recreation and allow people to interact more fully. For these reasons, vision and hearing are defining elements of the quality of life. Either, or both, of these senses may be diminished or lost because of heredity, aging, injury, or disease. Such loss may occur gradually, over the course of a lifetime, or traumatically in an instant. Conditions of vision or hearing loss that are linked with chronic and disabling diseases pose additional challenges for patients and their families. From the public health perspective, the prevention of either the initial impairment or additional impairment from these environmentally orienting and socially connecting senses requires significant resources. Prevention of vision or hearing loss or their resulting disabling conditions through the development of improved disease prevention, detection, or treatment methods or more effective rehabilitative strategies must remain a priority."
Healthy People 2010
National Institutes of Health
There are over 28 million Americans with hearing loss, 10 % of the US population1. Deafness or hearing impairment may be caused by genetic factors, noise, trauma, certain drugs or medications, as well as viral or bacterial infections2. According to AARP, hearing loss is the third most prevalent chronic health condition facing seniors3. There is, in fact, a high correlation between aging and hearing loss, and one out of three older Americans has this condition. Over the next 15 years, 78 million people will move into the 50+ age bracket and the incidence of hearing loss will indeed escalate well beyond the current 1 in 10 affected persons4. The result of this demographic shift will place greater demands on all age-related health care issues, particularly on hearing health care.
According to a major study recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, hearing aids provide a significant benefit to individuals with hearing loss5. Hearing devices are the treatment of choice for more than 80% of hearing losses. Unfortunately, less than 20% of the estimated 28 million Americans that could benefit from hearing devices currently own them and less than 20% of physicians include any kind of hearing screening in regular physician examinations, exacerbating the challenge of identification and treatment6. Furthermore, several recent studies have substantiated negative psychological and emotional changes with untreated hearing losses that are reversible with hearing devices7.
Although not the sole cause of underutilization, a lack of payment assistance for hearing devices is a major factor in the low rate of ownership and use. While the Veteran's Administration provided over 237,000 hearing devices to hearing impaired veterans in 20018, and local, state and federal governments purchase a range of assistive listening devices for schools and other public accommodations, there is little or no coverage for individuals accessing hearing health services or hearing devices through private health insurance and Medicare. The hearing health care delivery system in the United States has many interrelated issues that make access confusing, difficult and expensive. Medical economics, quality of care, social impact, patient access, follow-up care, provider training and qualifications are all part of this puzzle. The system is further complicated by a matrix of national, state, and local rules and regulations.
The Economic and Societal Costs of Hearing Impairment
Infants and Children - Million Dollar Babies
The most critical period for the development of language is during the first 3 years of life, as this is the period when the brain is developing. The skills associated with the effective acquisition of language depend on exposure to, and manipulation of, these communication tools. Early identification of deafness or hearing loss is critical in preventing or ameliorating language delay or disorder in children who are deaf or hard of hearing and allows for appropriate intervention or rehabilitation.. Early identification and intervention have lifelong implications for language development9.
The standard estimate of congenital hearing loss (1 in 1,000 live births) appears to underestimate actual congenital hearing loss as reported in data from States with universal newborn screening programs. Estimates based on recent data place this number at 2 to 3 per 1,000 live births. These data do not include children who are born with normal hearing and have late-onset or progressive hearing loss. Hearing loss often is sufficient to prevent the spontaneous development of spoken language. More than 50 percent of childhood hearing impairments are believed to be of genetic origin. Earliest possible identification of infant hearing loss has been widely endorsed as critical for the developing child. Minimal hearing loss also is an important factor in school success and psychosocial development10.
Early identification of hearing loss and treatment in newborns has a dramatic and positive impact on speech development, language development, and learning. Even a six-month delay in treatment of newborns can make the difference between a special education and a mainstream education. According to a 1993 study by the Marion Downs Center, children who do not require special education save a school system as much as $348,000 during a 12-year education11. The lifetime costs of profound hearing loss, according to the Downs study, can total as much as $1 million12.
Long-term studies indicate that delays in treatment result in the inability of children with hearing loss to reach the academic level of their peers. This also has psychosocial consequences, although the true social cost of low peer group acceptance is undetermined. For newborns, the argument is so compelling that mandated infant screening has been implemented or introduced into legislatures in 37 states. This infant screening seemed to be a "justifiable decision" for policy and decision makers. However, early identification must be partnered with amplification, aural rehabilitation, speech therapy and other treatments.
Adults - Productivity and Effects on Lifestyle
Approximately 10 million persons in the United States have permanent, irreversible hearing loss due to noise or trauma13. Additionally, 30 million people are estimated to be exposed to injurious levels of noise each day. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most common occupational disease and the second most self-reported occupational illness or injury14. In industry-specific studies, 44 percent of carpenters and 48 percent of plumbers reported they had a perceived hearing loss15. Ninety percent of coal miners are estimated to have a hearing loss by age 52 years16, and 70 percent of male miners will experience a hearing loss by age 60 years17.
Data indicate that people are losing hearing earlier in life and that men are more frequently affected in the 35- to 60-year-old age group18. Noise-induced hearing loss can be the result of a traumatic sudden level of impulse noise, such as an explosion, that can leave an individual immediately and permanently deafened; the result of continuing exposure to high levels of sound in the workplace or in recreational settings; the consequence of years of noise exposure causing subtle, progressive damage; or exacerbated due to individual vulnerability to noise. Noise-induced hearing loss is related to noise level, proximity to the harmful sound, duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Many of these causes can be controlled by prevention. Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss is imperative for people both on and off the job.
While there exists a strong correlation between aging and hearing problems, half of the 28 million Americans with hearing problems are under the age of fifty and are active in the work force. Noise exposure, aging and genetic predisposition place this group at risk. According to the Project Hope Study, those with a severe hearing loss still in the workplace are expected to earn only 50-70 percent of their non-hearing impaired peers and lose between $220,000 and $440,000 in earnings over their working life19. Unfortunately, these costs only cover earning potential and neglect intangible losses, such as the social isolation and psychological stress imposed by hearing impairment.
Older people also are a major concern in terms of hearing health disparity. Presbycusis, the loss of hearing associated with aging, affects about 30 percent of adults who are aged 65 years and older20. About half of the population over age 75 years has a significant hearing loss21. As the population ages with greater longevity, these numbers are increasing. Only about one-fourth of those who could benefit from a hearing aid actually use one22. More than 8 percent of the population aged 70 years and older report both hearing and vision impairment23.
Hearing loss adversely affects quality of life according to a 1998 study by the National Council on the Aging (NCOA). The study, which surveyed 2069 individuals with hearing loss and 1710 of their family members, revealed that hearing device users are likely to report better physical, emotional, mental and social well-being than those who do not use hearing aids24. Conversely, those that do not take advantage of treatment and amplification are likely to place unnecessary additional cost on both private insurance and Medicare.
The Solution - National System Support for Early Identification, Patient Participation & Professional Treatment
The Hearing Health Community Believes That The Following Actions Will Contribute To A Successful National Hearing Health Policy:
- Expand Universal Infant Hearing Screening to all States
- Increase Educational Focus on School Hearing Testing Programs
- Extend OSHA Guidelines for Work Place Hearing Testing and Monitoring
- Enhance Medical school curriculum and continuing education for family physicians that increases the inclusion of hearing screening as part of Routine Physical Exams particularly for infants, school age children, adults over the age of fifty, and those in high risk groups from occupation or genetics.
- Broaden public education about the symptoms of untreated hearing loss and the appropriate steps to treat hearing problems. The National Institute On Deafness and Other Communication Disorder's mission and organization are well-suited to lead this national effort.
Provider Choice
The ingredients of successful adaptation to hearing aids are not only excellent technology, but also provider service. Closed provider networks have been shown to limit access, increase waiting times, limit innovation and generally negatively impact quality of service. In the case of hearing aids and implants, quality of care and follow-up treatment plays a critical role in outcome. Patients should be allowed to select their hearing healthcare providers and those providers should be qualified through state licensure.
Patient Participation in Treatment Options
Technology, science and medicine are making rapid advances and patients should have access to the full range of these advances. Whether they are rich or poor, belong to a Medicaid or commercial plan, people should have the right to participate in the selection of their hearing devices. Any reimbursement system should allow the patient to choose to upgrade the type of instrument and/or technology they desire if it is recommended by the hearing healthcare professional and the individual pays the difference.
Quality Component
Hearing healthcare providers have the responsibility to deliver quality hearing care. Providers should follow professional practice guidelines, adhere to well-developed standards of care and demonstrate patient benefits with acceptable, appropriate outcome measures. Hearing device manufacturers must be able to demonstrate the efficacy of their devices with independent clinical studies substantiating patient benefits.
Medically Effective Treatment
Fiscally responsible, medically effective treatment is one of the goals of health care in the United States. Hearing health care is no exception. Price transparency, reimbursement levels, initial & renewal eligibility procedures, and patient co-pay must be established within the context of budget boundaries. Regardless of the level of reimbursement, patients deserve the highest quality of hearing healthcare and qualified providers and hearing device manufacturers strive to ensure that the value of hearing healthcare is recognized and understood by patients, insurers, the government, and other healthcare providers.
Conclusion
In a plethora of studies, it has been proved that the use of hearing aids and implantable devices by Americans with hearing loss improves quality of life and reduces societal costs of caring for those with hearing loss. Indeed, in the case of infants and children, the early diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss can substantially improve development and academic achievement. The treatment of hearing loss provides for a return on the investment many times the cost of the treatment and improves the quality of life for millions of Americans. It is incumbent on policymakers, both in the public and private sectors, to acknowledge the benefit that hearing devices provide and develop programs that allow those in need of treatment to access these technologies as part of a wider healthcare policy agenda.
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1National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). National Strategic Research Plan: Hearing and Hearing Impairment. Bethesda, MD: HHS, NIH, 1996.
2National Institutes of Health, Healthy People 2010 Program, Volume 28.
3www.aarp.org
4U.S. Census Bureau
5Larson, PhD, Vernon et. al., Efficacy of 3 Commonly Used Hearing Aid Circuits, Journal of the American Medical Association, October 11, 2000, Vol. 284, No. 14.
6Kochkin PhD, Sergei & Rogin MA, Carole, Quantifying the Obvious: The Impact of Hearing Instruments on Quality of Life, The Hearing Review, Page 10.
7Ibid, Page 18.
8Hearing Industries Association, 2001 Industry Statistical Program.
9National Institutes for Health, Healthy People 2010.
10Ibid.
11Downs, MP, Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: The Colorado Study, International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 1995, page 32.
12Ibid.
13NIDCD. Fact Sheet on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Washington, DC: HHS, 1998.
14National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Fact Sheet: Work-Related Hearing Loss. Washington, DC: HHS, 1999.
15Lusk, S.L.; Kerr, M.J.; and Kauffman, S.A. Use of hearing protection and perceptions of noise exposure and hearing loss among construction workers. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 59:566-570, 1998.
16Franks, J.R. Analysis of Audiograms for a Large Cohort of Noise-Exposed Miners. Cincinnati, OH: HHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, 1996.
17Mine Safety and Health Administration. Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure in Coal, Metal, and Nonmetal Mines: Proposed Rule. Federal Register 61:243:66347-66397, December 17, 1996.
18Wallhagen, M.I.; Strawbridge, W.J.; Cohen, R.D.; et al. An Increasing prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors over three decades of the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health 87(3):440-442, 1997.
19Mohr, Feldman, Dunbar, The Societal Costs of Severe to Profound Hearing Loss in the United States, Project Hope Policy Analysis Brief, April, 2000, Volume 2, No. 1.
20Gates, G.A.; Cooper, Jr., J.C.; Kannel, W.B.; et al. Hearing in the elderly: The Framingham Cohort, 1983-1985. Part I. Basic audiometric test results. Ear and Hearing 11(4):247-256, 1990.
21Cruickshanks, K.J.; Wiley, T.L.; Tweed, T.S.; et al. Prevalence of hearing loss in older adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin: The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 148(9):879-886, 1998.
22Popelka, M.M.; Cruickshanks, K.J.; Wiley, T.L.; et al. Low prevalence of hearing aid use among older adults with hearing loss: The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46(9):1075-1078, 1998.
23Klein, R.; Cruickshanks, K.F.; Klein, B.E.K.; et al. Is age-related maculopathy related to hearing loss? Archives of Ophthalmology 116(3):360-365, 1998.
24See Kochkin & Rogin, page 13.
